Existing v New Aid
Any alteration of an existing aid measure can affect the substance of the measure itself. […]
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Private Creditor Test
The Commission must apply the private creditor test even if a Member State does not […]
The Necessity and Proportionality of Regional Aid
The Commission must open the formal investigation procedure when it has serious doubts about the […]
What Costs Are Charged by Public Authorities when they Act as Market Operators?
Fees charged by operators to users of infrastructure must cover all relevant costs. The relevant […]
The Need for Public Services Is Shown by Absence of Private Services
The scope of public service obligations must be proportional to the identified market failure. […]
The Scope of Public Service Obligations
Public service obligations may cover both profitable and unprofitable segments of the market. Introduction […]
Developments on the Concepts of Advantage and Selectivity
The advantage conferred by State aid is not necessarily equivalent to the economic benefit that […]
Existing v New Aid and Role of National Courts
Modification of an existing aid measure turns it into a new aid measure if it […]
Pensions, Public Statements and Private Investors
The normal costs of an undertaking include all the costs of compliance with the obligations […]
Media Plurality in Denmark
State aid measures need not be open to all undertakings. Introduction On 11 October […]