State Aid Law Blog

State Aid Uncovered Blog

In Lexxion’s State Aid Uncovered blog, Prof. Phedon Nicolaides publishes weekly critical analyses of recent State aid judgments and decisions. Each post presents the key points of a court judgment or EU Commission decision, places it in the context of similar case law or practice, assesses the underlying reasoning and highlights any inconsistencies or contradictions.

Guest contributions from other State aid experts will also be published on the blog at irregular intervals to complement the content of the blog posts.

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5. November 2024  |   State Aid Uncovered by Phedon Nicolaides

State Aid to Support “Applied Research” in Solid-State Batteries
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 11
Introduction France notified a measure to grant State aid to ProLogium for the implementation of the Promotheus R&D project which concerned the development of solid-state batteries [SSB] for electric vehicles. ProLogium is a large enterprise with 758 employees. The Commission approved the measure in decision SA.106740.[1] The aid measure has several unusual features. First, ProLogium committed to disseminate the scientific […]
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29. October 2024  |   State Aid Uncovered by Phedon Nicolaides

An Unusual SGEI
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 16
Introduction Member States are free to determine what the regard as a service of general economic interest [SGEI]. The Commission may only check whether the definition is free of manifest error and that any compensation that is provided conforms with the conditions laid down in the 2012 SGEI package. Member States commit a manifest error when they designate as SGEI […]
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29. October 2024  |   State Aid Uncovered by Phedon Nicolaides

The Territorial Tax Systems May also Tax Profits Diverted Abroad
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 15
Introduction Taxes are burdens on undertakings. They cannot be State aid. However, tax exemptions or reductions can be State aid if they cannot be objectively justified. When a tax measure is in the form of a reduction or exemption, it is relatively easy to establish its selectivity in the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU. However, when a tax is levied […]
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16. October 2024  |   State Aid Uncovered by Phedon Nicolaides

European Court of Auditors, Report on the Implementation of the EU Budget for the 2023 Financial Year, 10 October 2024
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 10
The annual report on the 2023 EU budget by the European Court of Auditors finds that in the field of State aid national authorities wrongly supported ineligible costs. Errors in public procurement and State aid were the largest source of irregularities. Main findings concerning public procurement and State aid “The risk of error is high for expenditure subject to complex […]
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15. October 2024  |   State Aid Uncovered by Phedon Nicolaides

Revenue from a Compulsory Charge Is a State Resource
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 14
Introduction On 26 September 2024, the Court of Justice [CJEU] delivered four judgments in four related cases: C-790/21 P, Covestro Deutschland v Commission C-792/21 P, AZ v Commission C-794/21 P, Germany v Commission C-795/21 P, WEPA Hygieneprodukte v Commission All cases concerned appeals against the corresponding judgments of the General Court by which it dismissed the actions for annulment of […]
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8. October 2024  |   State Aid Uncovered by Phedon Nicolaides

Who is “Interested Party” that Can Challenge a Commission Decision and when Must the Commission Open the Formal Investigation Procedure
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 13
Introduction On 5 September 2024, the Court of Justice of the EU [CJEU] delivered two judgments on the two most frequent procedural issues on State aid: Who has standing to challenge a Commission decision and when the Commission is obliged to initiate the formal investigation procedure. These two issues are closely connected. Those whose interests are harmed by State aid […]
read more
No Comments
1. October 2024  |   State Aid Uncovered by Phedon Nicolaides

State Aid to the Operator of a Legal Monopoly
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 9
Introduction In some Member States, the provision of potable water to households is a “closed” sector. This means that public funding of the operations of the water provider does not constitute State aid. However, according to the case law of the Court of Justice, for a sector to be considered closed to trade and competition it is not sufficient that […]
read more
No Comments
24. September 2024  |   State Aid Uncovered by Phedon Nicolaides

Calculation of the Funding Gap of an Infrastructure Project that May also Benefit from Future Public Funding
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 12
Introduction The Commission recently approved State aid granted by Czech Republic for the construction of a multifunctional arena in Brno, with a capacity of 13300 visitors [see SA.58891]. The aid measure was unusual because it foresaw possible future public funding to cover certain financial costs in case the net operating revenue would not be enough. However, the Commission approved possible […]
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25. September 2024  |   Guest State Aid Blog by Lexxion Publisher

The Cumulation of State Aid Granted by Different Member States — The Landwärme Case
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 7
Guest State Aid Blog by Professor Leigh Hancher, Nicole Robins and Dr Philipp Schliffke[1] 1 Introduction The Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001 (‘RED II’) states that ‘the promotion of the production and use of biomethane, its injection into a natural gas grid and cross-border trade create a need to ensure proper accounting of renewable energy as well as avoiding double incentives […]
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17. September 2024  |   State Aid Uncovered by Phedon Nicolaides

Although Member States Are Free to Determine their Tax Systems, they Must still Conform with State Aid Rules
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 11
Introduction On 10 September 2024, the Court of Justice [CJEU] delivered its much anticipated judgment, in case C-465/20 P, Commission v Ireland & Apple. It ruled that Ireland had granted incompatible State aid to Apple through preferential tax rulings.[1] The judgment was the result of an appeal by the Commission against the judgment of the General Court in case T-778/16, Ireland […]
read more
No Comments
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5. November 2024  |   State Aid Uncovered by Phedon Nicolaides

State Aid to Support “Applied Research” in Solid-State Batteries
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 11
Introduction France notified a measure to grant State aid to ProLogium for the implementation of the Promotheus R&D project which concerned the development of solid-state batteries [SSB] for electric vehicles. ProLogium is a large enterprise with 758 employees. The Commission approved the measure in decision SA.106740.[1] The aid measure has several unusual features. First, ProLogium committed to disseminate the scientific […]
read more
No Comments
29. October 2024  |   State Aid Uncovered by Phedon Nicolaides

An Unusual SGEI
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 16
Introduction Member States are free to determine what the regard as a service of general economic interest [SGEI]. The Commission may only check whether the definition is free of manifest error and that any compensation that is provided conforms with the conditions laid down in the 2012 SGEI package. Member States commit a manifest error when they designate as SGEI […]
read more
No Comments
29. October 2024  |   State Aid Uncovered by Phedon Nicolaides

The Territorial Tax Systems May also Tax Profits Diverted Abroad
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 15
Introduction Taxes are burdens on undertakings. They cannot be State aid. However, tax exemptions or reductions can be State aid if they cannot be objectively justified. When a tax measure is in the form of a reduction or exemption, it is relatively easy to establish its selectivity in the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU. However, when a tax is levied […]
read more
No Comments
16. October 2024  |   State Aid Uncovered by Phedon Nicolaides

European Court of Auditors, Report on the Implementation of the EU Budget for the 2023 Financial Year, 10 October 2024
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 10
The annual report on the 2023 EU budget by the European Court of Auditors finds that in the field of State aid national authorities wrongly supported ineligible costs. Errors in public procurement and State aid were the largest source of irregularities. Main findings concerning public procurement and State aid “The risk of error is high for expenditure subject to complex […]
read more
No Comments
15. October 2024  |   State Aid Uncovered by Phedon Nicolaides

Revenue from a Compulsory Charge Is a State Resource
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 14
Introduction On 26 September 2024, the Court of Justice [CJEU] delivered four judgments in four related cases: C-790/21 P, Covestro Deutschland v Commission C-792/21 P, AZ v Commission C-794/21 P, Germany v Commission C-795/21 P, WEPA Hygieneprodukte v Commission All cases concerned appeals against the corresponding judgments of the General Court by which it dismissed the actions for annulment of […]
read more
No Comments
8. October 2024  |   State Aid Uncovered by Phedon Nicolaides

Who is “Interested Party” that Can Challenge a Commission Decision and when Must the Commission Open the Formal Investigation Procedure
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 13
Introduction On 5 September 2024, the Court of Justice of the EU [CJEU] delivered two judgments on the two most frequent procedural issues on State aid: Who has standing to challenge a Commission decision and when the Commission is obliged to initiate the formal investigation procedure. These two issues are closely connected. Those whose interests are harmed by State aid […]
read more
No Comments
1. October 2024  |   State Aid Uncovered by Phedon Nicolaides

State Aid to the Operator of a Legal Monopoly
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 9
Introduction In some Member States, the provision of potable water to households is a “closed” sector. This means that public funding of the operations of the water provider does not constitute State aid. However, according to the case law of the Court of Justice, for a sector to be considered closed to trade and competition it is not sufficient that […]
read more
No Comments
24. September 2024  |   State Aid Uncovered by Phedon Nicolaides

Calculation of the Funding Gap of an Infrastructure Project that May also Benefit from Future Public Funding
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 12
Introduction The Commission recently approved State aid granted by Czech Republic for the construction of a multifunctional arena in Brno, with a capacity of 13300 visitors [see SA.58891]. The aid measure was unusual because it foresaw possible future public funding to cover certain financial costs in case the net operating revenue would not be enough. However, the Commission approved possible […]
read more
No Comments
17. September 2024  |   State Aid Uncovered by Phedon Nicolaides

Although Member States Are Free to Determine their Tax Systems, they Must still Conform with State Aid Rules
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 11
Introduction On 10 September 2024, the Court of Justice [CJEU] delivered its much anticipated judgment, in case C-465/20 P, Commission v Ireland & Apple. It ruled that Ireland had granted incompatible State aid to Apple through preferential tax rulings.[1] The judgment was the result of an appeal by the Commission against the judgment of the General Court in case T-778/16, Ireland […]
read more
No Comments
10. September 2024  |   State Aid Uncovered by Phedon Nicolaides

Compensation for Switching to a New Broadcasting Frequency
State Aid Blogs - State Aid Uncovered photos 10
Introduction Normally the cost of compliance with mandatory regulations may not be offset, partially or fully, by State aid because it lacks incentive effect. The beneficiaries would have to incur those costs anyway. However, even in the case of mandatory compliance, State aid may still have an incentive effect if the undertakings concerned would cease altogether the activity in question. […]
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10. August 2017  |   Guest State Aid Blog by Lexxion Publisher

15th Jubilee Feature – State Aid Experts Paying Court to EStAL: Mihalis Kekelekis
Since 2002 Lexxion Publisher’s European State Aid Law Quarterly – EStAL serves as a forum for dialogue and deliberation on all issues related to State aid. On the occasion of our 15th anniversary special feature we have gathered our State aid family to reflect upon their joint journey together with our precious EStAL and of course our favourite topic State […]
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27. July 2017  |   Guest State Aid Blog by Lexxion Publisher

15th Jubilee Feature – State Aid Experts Paying Court to EStAL: Birgit Haslinger
Since 2002 Lexxion Publisher’s European State Aid Law Quarterly – EStAL serves as a forum for dialogue and deliberation on all issues related to State aid. On the occasion of our 15th anniversary special feature we have gathered our State aid family to reflect upon their joint journey together with our precious EStAL and of course our favourite topic State […]
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6. July 2017  |   Guest State Aid Blog by Lexxion Publisher

15th Jubilee Feature – State Aid Experts Paying Court to EStAL: Ilkka Aalto-Setälä
Since 2002 Lexxion Publisher’s European State Aid Law Quarterly – EStAL serves as a forum for dialogue and deliberation on all issues related to State aid. On the occasion of our 15th anniversary special feature we have gathered our State aid family to reflect upon their joint journey together with our precious EStAL and of course our favourite topic State […]
read more
No Comments
22. June 2017  |   Guest State Aid Blog by Lexxion Publisher

15th Jubilee Feature – State Aid Experts Paying Court to EStAL: Sara Gobbato
Since 2002 Lexxion Publisher’s European State Aid Law Quarterly – EStAL serves as a forum for dialogue and deliberation on all issues related to State aid. On the occasion of our 15th anniversary special feature we have gathered our State aid family to reflect upon their joint journey together with our precious EStAL and of course our favourite topic State […]
read more
No Comments
14. June 2017  |   Guest State Aid Blog by Nevin Alija

State Resources criteria in the spotlight once again: Comments on the Opinion of the Advocate General in case C-329/15 ENEA SA w Poznaniu v Prezes Urzędu Regulacji Energetyki
State Aid Blogs - m 14
Today we are glad to welcome Nevin Alija to the State Aid Blog. She is a PhD Candidate at the Católica Research Center for the Future of Law of the Católica Global School of Law, Universidade Católica Portuguesa. In this blog post she examines case C-329/15 ENEA SA w Poznaniu v Prezes Urzędu Regulacji Energetyki. Thank you, Nevin, for sharing […]
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30. May 2017  |   Guest State Aid Blog by Lexxion Publisher

15th Jubilee Feature – State Aid Experts Paying Court to EStAL: Thomas Jaeger
State Aid Blogs - Rose StateAidHub ohne Rand 24082017
Since 2002 Lexxion Publisher’s European State Aid Law Quarterly – EStAL serves as a forum for dialogue and deliberation on all issues related to State aid. On the occasion of our 15th anniversary special feature we have gathered our State aid family to reflect upon their joint journey together with our precious EStAL and of course our favourite topic State […]
read more
No Comments
1. May 2017  |   Guest State Aid Blog by Lexxion Publisher

Court’s Diary – May 2017
gavel
Find below the court’s diary for all State aid cases this month. Would you like to write a comment on one of them? Please don’t hesitate and get in touch with us ([email protected]), we are happy to publish your comment on the blog.   Thursday 18/05/2017 Judgment in case C-150/16 – Fondul Proprietatea vs Complexul Energetic Oltenia SA (Court of Justice – Fifth Chamber) […]
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2. April 2017  |   Guest State Aid Blog by Lexxion Publisher

Court’s Diary – April 2017
Find below the court’s diary for all State aid cases this month. Would you like to write a comment on one of them? Please don’t hesitate and get in touch with us ([email protected]), we are happy to publish your comment on the blog.   Thursday 06/04/2017 Order in case T-101/16 – Klausner Holz Niedersachsen GmbH v European Commission (General Court – Second […]
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11. March 2017  |   Guest State Aid Blog by Erika Szyszczak

State Aid is on the Agenda: Deal or No Deal
brexit
With great pleasure we welcome again Professor Erika Szyszczak to our blog. Erika is a Research Professor in Law and a Fellow of the UK Trade Policy Observatory. She is currently the Special Adviser to the House of Lords Internal Market Sub-Committee in respect of its inquiry into Brexit: competition. She is the author of The Regulation of the State […]
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29. December 2016  |   Guest State Aid Blog by Lexxion Publisher

Top 3 State Aid Blog Posts from 2016
State Aid Blogs - m 4 2
From remarks on the Commission Notice on the Notion of State aid over to the right of access and State aid procedures, our guest bloggers on the StateAidHub have shed light on various controversial State aid judgments and developments. View now the most popular posts of 2016.   With the end of 2016, we thank not only Prof Phedon Nicolaides […]
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